This section looks at ownership and control of the media, looking at the trends and patterns in ownership and control of a range of mass media and the theoretical perspectives on the relationship between ownership and control of the media. These ten indicators shed some light on the risks that independent media faces and which could put media pluralism in ghana in jeopardy. The state of play media pluralism and diversity of opinions are fundamental characteristics of a free press. Media plurality is about the information that people consume on a daily basis, which informs their views and perspective on the world. Media pluralism can either mean a plurality of voices, of analyses, of expressed opinions and issues internal pluralism, or a plurality of media outlets, of types of media print, radio, tv or digital and coexistance of private owned media and public service media external pluralism. Democracy, pluralism, and the media oxford scholarship. Provisions on media pluralism are contained in the amending protocol to the european. The indicators are inspired by and harmonized with the eufunded media pluralism monitor of the centre for media pluralism and media freedom cmpf at. Media ownership media ownership impact on media independence and pluralism in slovenia and other postsocialist european countries sandra b. The mediamonitor focuses on external pluralism, hereafter referred to as media diversity 3, and does not address media content specifically. Another state constraint on media ownership is the fact that both the bbc and itv have some legal requirements imposed upon by ofcom. Moreover, for citizens in latin america and the caribbean it is not a given that media ownership concentration and media pluralism are. Variety concerns the range of content types within a subsector or specific media title. Media pluralism i european commission european union.
Radio elmag, based in podgorica, broadcasts nationwide on several frequencies. Measurement issues there have been developed various methodologies of measuring media concentration. Measuring media pluralism in the convergence era lse. Media ownership elizabeth hart introduction the new economy makes media dynasties among the most powerful organisations on earth. The current media ownership rules only apply to newspapers, television and radio. In order to monitor, track, andwhere necessary and appropriatetake action to promote diversity of media. Media ownership is sometimes seen as a simple reflection of political conditions. Pdf on jan 1, 1997, petros iosifides and others published pluralism and. Global trend of ownership concentration in the mass media. Pluralism in ownership refers to the socially diverse nature of ownership. A background paper for unesco by marc raboy access.
This framing also implies an existence of diverse ownership, not only in terms of. Doyle also quotes incidences of adverse influence of the owners on media content. Monitoring and ensuring ownership pluralism is the first step toward independence and freedom of choice. There have been developed various methodologies of measuring media concentration. Who owns the media in ghana media ownership monitor. Media pluralism has become a buzzword in public, political, and academic discourses.
Medijsko lastnistvo vpliv lastnistva na neodvisnost in pluralizem medijev v sloveniji in drugih postsocialistienih evropskih dr. Pdf pluralism and media concentration policy in the european. The owners do not directly control the content of the media, but rather what appears in the media is driven by the wishes of consumers. Media pluralism findings ghana media ownership monitor. Pluralism is about the range of sociallystratifying content voices, opinions, ideologies, genres etc. Media pluralism and the concentration of ownership in moldova. Media ownership rules need to be complemented by other. Ownership and control of the media sociology revision.
Citizens rights and constitutional affairs civil liberties, justice and home affairs a comparative analysis of media freedom and pluralism in the eu member states study abstract this study was commissioned by the european parliaments policy department for. Contemporary research demonstrates increasing levels of consolidation, with many media industries already highly concentrated and dominated by a very small number of firms. Independence and pluralism in media, public opinion and views including criticism of people in power are the safeguards of a healthy democracy. The rules for the regulation and control of media ownership should provide for prevention of abuse of power by media owners, media colonisation and the danger of unificationstandardization of programming. Pdf pluralism and concentration of media ownership. The ownership structure is an important element of the whole issue of media pluralism. Independence and pluralism of media, opinions and views including criticism of people in power is the safeguard of a healthy democratic system. Especially the indicators for a later ranking rely heavily on the eufunded media pluralism monitor of the centre for media pluralism and media freedom cmpf at the european university institute eui, florence. The media pluralism monitor mpm is a research tool that was designed to identify potential risks to media pluralism in the member states of the european union. A free and pluralistic media to sustain european commission. Media ownership and its impact on media independence and pluralism the project, now published in book form, is an attempt to map ownership patterns and their effects on media pluralism and independence in the countries of south east europe and eu. Pdf media ownership and its impact on media independence. The crossmedia ownership laws brought in by the federal labor government in 1987 was the start of modern media change. Pdf there have been developed various methodologies of measuring media concentration.
Pdf media ownership, impact on media independence and. Chapter fourteen addresses a range of interventions into media markets to protect or foster pluralism, which frequently involve fierce debates over the effectiveness of market forces to achieve this public policy goal. Media ownership matters mass media influences how facts are viewed and debated in a society, contributing to crafting its public opinion. The media ownership monitor is mainly inspired by two similar projects. An example of an interest group might be a business such as a publishing company organised to pursue some.
This has a chilling effect on press freedom and endangers citizens right to information. However, it is generally unclear what is meant by referring to pluralistic media content. Many countries have some form of regulation in place. Media pluralism and the promotion of cultural diversity. Media ownership and its impact on media independence and. Media ownership monitor egypt media ownership monitor. It is clearly mentioned it is clearly mentioned in the study that the main threat to pluralism of media ownershipcontrol is. Consequently, a genuinely free media is only viable in a market that is not marked by monopoly.
This means pakistan needs more broadbased media ownership to ensure greater diversity in news sources. Media ownership, impact on media independence and pluralism czech republic. Topic 1 ownership of the media pluralist theory of. Media ownership monitor turkey media ownership monitor. The historians herodotus and xenophon emphasized the cultural. Due to the various aspects of media content research, the mediamonitor is not able to regularly assess the diversity of media content. To what extent does the mass public perceive there to be pluralism in media content and ownership. Media pluralism and transparency of ownership one of the many keys to securing media pluralism in europe is ensuring that there is a wide diversity of media ownership, as a necessary but not suf. The committee of ministers of the council of europe has, in numerous previous textsdecisions. Pdf media pluralism has become a buzzword in both public, political and academic discourse. Conflicts of interest between media owners and politics, and a weak regulatory system further pose a threat to freedom of expression in the country. Media ownership preface the issues of media ownership concentration and the formulation and implementation of an effective media legislation received considerable attention in recent years.
Within the media watch program, we drew attention to the threat these issues pose to media pluralism in. The idea of pluralism in the united states richard norman, ph. News organisations continue to be vulnerable to political interference, especially when economic conditions are unstable. After almost years of market economy and completed privatisation process, many media. Who owns the media in cambodia media ownership monitor. Licensing of broadcasters is one way in which governments manage media ownership and promote media pluralism. How well does the current law safeguard media pluralism. A free and pluralistic media to sustain european democracy the report of the high level group on media freedom and pluralism professor vaira vike. The mandate of this paper is to focus on the specific issues related to the balance between political intervention and freedom of expression, by addressing the following problems.
Media ownership and its impact on media independence and pluralism. We can safely assert that media concentration and its influence on the content and pluralism of the media were of secondary importance during the first formative. The appropriate measure depends on the objective of the measurement which might be on the one hand the examination of economic power, or on the other an assessment of whether market structure might restrict diversity in the media industry. The media ownership monitor found that a lack of transparency and limited access to ownership information prevail in the media industry in ghana. Given the foundation of pluralism in legislation on media concentration, the theoretical background of media pluralism will be discussed briefly. Pluralism as a way of thinking emerged with the ancient greeks. Media ownership monitor morocco media ownership monitor. The user guide is developed on the basis of already existing media ownership and media pluralism research. Media plurality is about the information that people consume on a daily basis, which. Which are the greatest risks to a diverse media coverage that includes all voices, all viewpoints, including criticism of people in power. Risks for media pluralism and the safety of journalists are increasing across europe. Media pluralism monitor centre for media pluralism and.
There is a grain of truth in this, but it is clear that the reality is much more complex. As the chapter discusses, this nonmarket objective frequently clashes with the market based principles of european union law, although eu competition law itself has a. Because an open and free media landscape with divergent opinions and ideas is a key aspect in democratic societies, media pluralism is considered highly important with regard to media policy. Concentration of media ownership also known as media consolidation or media convergence is a process whereby progressively fewer individuals or organizations control increasing shares of the mass media. Indicators of risks to media pluralism in pakistan media. The media entertainment and arts alliance meaa, which represents australian journalists, and other professional media groups, says the consolidated power of the large media owners is. The philosophers democritus and epicurus posited a plurality of worlds. The flagship project of the cmpf is the media pluralism monitor mpm with the most recent being the 2017 media pluralism monitor report, covering 31 european countries eu 28 and three candidate countries.
Furthermore, under article of this act, a transfer of concession to a third party is an o. Within the 68% crossmedia ownership concentration, the jang group is the largest of seven media groups with largest crossmedia audience shares over a third 27% of the total crossmedia ownership concentration landscape. The traditional concept of structural media pluralism normatively corresponds. Media pluralism in the member states of the european union. Unlike marxists and neomarxists pluralists suggest there is no dominant rulingclass but numerous competing groups with different interests. Who owns the media in the philippines media ownership. Media ownership concentration remains one of the most significant risks to media pluralism and is seen as creating barriers to diversity of information and viewpoints. Mass media influence the way facts are viewed and debated in the society. Global trend of ownership concentration in the mass.
1228 501 407 754 801 764 476 1138 547 620 208 1397 1365 916 132 1232 1408 848 544 783 159 995 177 32 1404 889 1012 361 512 705 882 234